Intense purpling of a leaf.
May 2022
URL: http://www.kingcorn.org/news/timeless/PurpleCorn.html
Prevalent Purple Plants Perennially Puzzle Producers
R.L. (Bob) Nielsen
Agronomy Dept., Purdue Univ.
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
Email address: rnielsen at purdue.edu
Twitter: @PurdueCornGuy
BOTTOM LINE: Purpling of corn plant tissue, by itself, does not decrease yield. The cause of the purpling determines whether yield loss will eventually occur.
ike the swallows that return every year to San Juan Capistrano, it seems that purpling of young corn plants returns every year to more than a few fields in Indiana. While ornamentally attractive, the sudden appearance of the pretty purplish hue in young corn fields, clearly evident from the window of the pickup tooling down country roads at 60 mph, often causes grief and consternation for landlords and tenants alike because we all know that "corn ain't supposed to be purple!".
Biochemical Cause of Purpling. Purpling of corn plant tissue results from the formation of reddish-purple anthocyanin pigments that occur in the form of water-soluble cyanidin glucosides or pelargonidin glucosides (Holton & Cornish, 1995). A hybrid's genetic makeup determines whether corn plants are capable of producing anthocyanin. A hybrid may have none, one, or many genes that can trigger production of anthocyanin. That is the reason why purpling may appear in only one of two hybrids planted in the same field. Purpling can also appear in the silks, anthers and even coleoptile tips of a corn plant. The reddish-purple prevalent in some varieties of Indiana corn also results from anthocyanin accumulation.
Agronomic Cause of Purpling. Well, you may say, that's fine but what triggers the production of the anthocyanin pigments in young corn at this time of year? The answer is not clearly understood, but most agree that these pigments develop in young plants in direct response to a number of stresses that limit the plants' ability to fully utilize the photosynthates produced during the day.
It has been my experience that the most common factors that correlate with the development of purple corn plants is the combination of bright, sunny days and less than favorable cool nights (40's to 50's F) when corn plants are in the V3 to V6 stages of development (3- to 6-leaf collar stages). This combination translates to a lot of photosynthate produced during the day, but low rates of photosynthate metabolism during the night. That combination of weather factors results in high concentrations of sugary photosynthates in the leaves. Since the anthocyanin occurs in the form of a sugar-containing glucoside, the availability of high concentrations of sugar in the leaves (photosynthesis during bright, sunny days) encourages the pigment formation. Hybrids with more anthocyanin-producing genes will purple more greatly than those with fewer “purpling” genes. In most cases, the purpling will slowly disappear as temperatures warm and the plants transition into the rapid growth phase (post-V6).
Other stresses that restrict photosynthate metabolism in young corn plants and result in purple corn include several that restrict root growth, including herbicide injury, soil phosphorus deficiency, soil compaction caused by tillage or planter traffic, excessively wet soils, excessively dry soils, insect injury, and disease injury. The negative effects of such root stresses on photosynthate metabolism can amplify the intensity of the purpling already triggered by a combination of cool nights and bright, sunny days.
Does the Leaf Purpling Result in Yield Losses? It is important to recognize that the cause of leaf purpling, not the purpling itself, will determine whether yield loss will occur. If the main cause is simply the combination of bright, sunny days and cool nights, then the purpling will disappear as the plants develop further, with no effects on yield.
If the major contributor to the purpling is restriction of the developing root system, then the potential effects on yield will depend on whether the root restriction is temporary (e.g., cool temperatures and wet soils) or more prolonged (e.g., soil compaction, herbicide injury). Young plants can recover from temporary root restrictions with little to no effect on yield. If the restriction of the root development lingers longer and plants become stunted, then some yield loss may occur... not because of the purpling, but rather because of the effects of the lingering root restriction and eventual stunted plants.
If the primary cause of the purpling is the hybrid's genetic response to the combination of cool nights and bright, sunny days, then the purpling symptoms will be more spatially uniform throughout a field. If other stress factors are also restricting root development and/or function, then the purpling symptoms may be spatially variable throughout the field and correlated to soil type, drainage characteristics, or elevation of the landscape. Spatially variable patterns of purple corn may indicate the potential for lingering, yield-limiting stresses that should be more thoroughly investigated.
Related References
Author unknown. Date unknown. Purple Corn Syndrome. Pioneer-Corteva. https://www.pioneer.com/us/agronomy/purple-corn-syndrome.html [accessed May 2022]
Chalker-Scott, Linda. 1999. Environmental Significance of Anthocyanins in Plant Stress Responses. Photochemistry and Photobiology 70(1): 1-9.
Christie, P.J., Alfenito, M.R., and Walbot, V. (1994). lmpact of low- temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta 194: 541-549.
Ciampitti, Ignacio. 2017. Purple color in corn seedlings: A valid concern affecting yields? Kansas State Extension Agronomy eUpdate. URL: https://webapp.agron.ksu.edu/agr_social/eu_article.throck?article_id=1401. [accessed May 2022].
Dixon, Richard A. and Nancy L. Paiva. 1995. Stress-lnduced Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. The Plant Cell 7:1085-1097. American Society of Plant Physiologists. URL: http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/reprint/7/7/1085. [accessed May 2022].
Holton, Timothy and Edwina Cornish. 1995. Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, 1071-1083, July 1995 © 1995 American Society of Plant Physiologists.
Lauer, Joe. 2009. Cool Weather and Purple Corn. Univ. of Wisconsin Extension. http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/AA/A065.aspx [accessed May 2022]
Lindsey, Alexander and Peter Thomison. 2016. Late Season Purple Corn. Ohio State Extension Agronomic Crops Network. URL: https://agcrops.osu.edu/newsletter/corn-newsletter/late-season-purple-corn. [accessed May 2022].
Nafziger, Emerson. 2013. Purple and Yellow Corn Plants. Univ. of Illinois Extension. https://farmdoc.illinois.edu/field-crop-production/crop_production/purple-and-yellow-corn-plants-2.html [accessed May 2022]
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). 2009. Reddish-Purple Corn Plants Late in the Season. Corny News Network, Purdue Univ. URL: http://www.kingcorn.org/news/timeless/PurpleCorn2.html [accessed May 2022].
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Purpling of lower few leaves.
Intense purpling of a late V3 plant.
Rows of purple-leafed corn; late V3 stage of development.
Hybrid differences for purpling; both plants V3.
Hybrid differences for purpling.
Nearby field with no purpling; same leaf stage.
Spatial field variability for leaf purpling.